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1) THE VESSELS THAT QUALIFY FOR "KIDUSH"

(a) (R. Yosi b'Rebbi Chanina): If the Kiyor does not contain enough water to Mekadesh four Kohanim, it is invalid - "V'Rachatzu Mimenu Moshe v'Aharon u'Vanav".
(b) Question (Beraisa): One may Mekadesh from any Kli Shares, whether or not it contains a Revi'is of water!
(c) Version #1 - Rashi - Answer (Rav Ada bar Acha): The case is, the Kli Shares was carved into the Kiyor (so the water comes from the Kiyor, which contains enough water (to Mekadesh four Kohanim)).
(d) Version #2 - Tosfos - Answer (Rav Ada bar Acha): The case is, water was scooped into the Kli Shares from the Kiyor (so the water comes from a vessel (the Kiyor), which contains enough water).
(e) Question: But it says "Mimenu" (Rashi - we must Mekadesh from the Kiyor, not other vessels; Tosfos - we must Mekadesh from the Kiyor or a vessel like it, i.e. that contains enough water)!
(f) Answer: "Yirchetzu" comes to include other Klei Shares (Tosfos - that do not have the proper amount, as long as the water was taken from a vessel with the proper amount).
(g) Question: If so, we should also include Chulin vessels!
(h) Answer #1 (Abaye): A Kal va'Chomer excludes them:

1. The base of the Kiyor was anointed (with anointing oil), yet one may not Mekadesh from it - a Chulin vessel was not anointed at all, all the more so one may not Mekadesh from it!
2. Question: What is the source that one may not Mekadesh from the base?
3. Answer (Beraisa - R. Yehudah): One might have thought that one may Mekadesh from the base, just like from the Kiyor itself - "Kiyor Nechoshes v'Chano Nechoshes" - the base is equated to the Kiyor only regarding that both are made of copper.

(i) Objection (Mar Zutra brei d'Rav Mari): We cannot learn from the base, which it is not meant to hold anything, to Chulin vessels which are made to hold things!
(j) Answer #2: "Mimenu" excludes Chulin vessels.
(k) Question: If so, we should also exclude other Klei Shares!
(l) Answer: "Yirchetzu" includes other Klei Shares.
(m) Question: Why do we include Klei Shares and exclude Chulin vessels, and not vice-versa?
(n) Answer: Klei Shares must be anointed, like the Kiyor, Chulin vessels need not be.

(a) (Reish Lakish): Anything that (if added to Mikveh water) can complete the required 40 Sa'im can complete the quantity needed for Kidush (i.e. enough to wash four Kohanim), it does not complete a Revi'is (Rashi, Tosfos - needed to wash before eating; Ra'avad - for a Mikveh to immerse vessels).
(b) Question: What is an example?

1. Suggestion: Soft mud (completes a Mikveh).
2. Question: What is the case?

i. If a cow will bend and drink it - it completes a Revi'is!
ii. If a cow will not bend and drink it - it does not complete a Mikveh!

(c) Answer #1: Small bugs in water (complete a Mikveh).
(d) Rejection: Even an entire Mikveh may be made of such bugs (if ground up)!

1. (Beraisa - R. Shimon ben Gamliel): One may immerse in anything that originates from water.
2. (R. Yitzchak bar Avdimi): One may immerse in the eye of a big fish (after it dissolves).

(e) Answer #2 (Rav Papa): Various liquids (including fruit juice) can complete the quantity for a Mikveh if they are added to a complete Mikveh and then the same quantity is removed.

1. (Mishnah): If a Mikveh had exactly 40 Sa'im, and a Se'ah (of another liquid) was added and a Se'ah was removed, it is Kosher.
2. (Rav Yehudah bar Shila): This may be repeated until the majority of the Mikveh is other liquids.

(f) Version #1 - Rashi - (Rav Papa): If a vessel holding a Revi'is was carved into the wall of a Mikveh, needles (or other small vessels) may be immersed in it, because its water came from a proper Mikveh.
(g) Version #2 - Tosfos - (Rav Papa): If a Revi'is of water was scooped into a vessel from a Mikveh, needles may be immersed in it, because its water came from a proper Mikveh.
(h) (R. Yirmeyah): Mikveh water may be used for the Kiyor.
(i) Question: This implies that running water is not needed, but a Beraisa require running water!

1. (Beraisa): "(The innards of an Olah are rinsed) Ba'Mayim" - not in wine, nor mixed wine; (another verse says) "Ba'Mayim" - this includes other water, and Kal va'Chomer water of the Kiyor.
2. Question: What is this Kal va'Chomer?

i. Suggestion: Water of the Kiyor must be running water.

3. Answer #1: No, rather, water of the Kiyor is Kodesh.
4. Objection: That is no reason to be fit for rinsing the innards!

i. (D'vei R. Shmuel): (The innards of an Olah are rinsed with) water that has no accompanying name - this excludes water of the Kiyor.

5. Answer #2: Water of the Kiyor must be running water.

(j) Answer: Tana'im argue whether or not running water is required; R. Yirmeyah holds like the Tana that does not require this.

1. (R. Yochanan): R. Yishmael says that spring water is used for the Kiyor, Chachamim say that other water is used.

(a) (Mishnah): An Arel (someone not circumcised) is Mechalel Avodah.
(b) Question: What is the source of this?
(c) Answer (Rav Chisda): No verse of Chumash teaches this, a verse of Yechezkeil alludes to it - "Kol Ben Nechar Erel Lev v'Erel Basar Lo Yavo El Mikdashi".
(d) Question: This teaches that he may not enter the Mikdash - how do we know that he is Mechalel Avodah?
(e) Answer: "Lechalel Es Beisi".
(f) (Beraisa) Suggestion: Perhaps "Ben Nechar" literally refers to a Nochri!
(g) Rejection: If so, it would not be need to say "Erel Lev (an uncircumcised heart, i.e. a Rasha)".
(h) Question: Since it must say "Erel Lev", why does it say "Ben Nechar"?
(i) Answer: This teaches that his deeds are Nisnachru (estranged) from Hash-m.
(j) Question: What is the source of a (standard) Arel (i.e. his foreskin was not removed)?
(k) Answer: "V'Erel Basar".
(l) The Torah must teach both.

1. If it only taught Arel Baser, one might have thought, this is because he is despised (on account of his foreskin), but Arel Lev would not be Mechalel Avodah;
2. If it only taught Arel Lev, one might have thought, this is because he does not act l'Shem Hash-m, but an Arel Basar acts l'Shem Hash-m, he would not be Mechalel Avodah.

(a) (Mishnah): A Tamei (is Mechalel Avodah).
(b) (Ziknei Darom (Chachamim of the south)): This only refers to one who is Tamei Sheretz (became Tamei through a rodent), but one who is Tamei Mes is not Mechalel Avodah. (We do not refer to a Tamei Mes on the seventh day of Taharah, since (if he completes his Taharah) he will be fully Tahor at night, he is like a Tamei Sheretz.)

1. Since Tum'as Mes is permitted in Korbanos Tzibur (e.g. if most of Yisrael are Tamei Mes, they offer and eat Korban Pesach in Tum'ah) l'Chatchilah, if a Tamei Mes Kohen offered even a Korban Yachid, it is Kosher.
2. Version #1 (Rashi) Question: A Kal va'Chomer should teach that Tum'as Sheretz is permitted in Korbanos Tzibur!

i. Taharah from Tum'as Mes requires Haza'ah (sprinkling of water with ashes of the Parah Adumah) on days three and seven, yet Tum'as Mes is permitted in Korbanos Tzibur - Taharah from Tum'as Sheretz does not require Haza'ah, all the more so it is permitted!

3. Version #2 (R. Tam) Question: A Kal va'Chomer should teach that if a Tamei Sheretz offered even a Korban Yachid, it is Kosher!

i. Taharah from Tum'as Mes requires Haza'ah on days three and seven, yet a Tamei Mes does not Mechalel Avodah - Taharah from Tum'as Sheretz does not require Haza'ah, all the more so Avodah of a Tamei Sheretz is Kosher! (End of Version #2)

4. Answer: Ziknei Darom hold that Kohanim, who effect atonement (through Zerikah), have the same law as those who get atonement (the owners of the Korbanos) - just as only Tum'as Mes is permitted to the owners, also to Kohanim.

(c) Question: What do Ziknei Darom hold regarding offering the Korban (Pesach) of Teme'im?

1. If they say that we do not offer the Korban of a Tamei Sheretz, Tum'as Sheretz should be permitted to the Tzibur!

i. Any Tum'ah (which does not emanate from a person's body) which forces an individual to wait until Pesach Sheni, if (most of) the Tzibur has that Tum'ah, they offer (on the first) Pesach.

(d) Answer: They must say that we offer the Korban (Pesach) of someone who is Tamei Sheretz (since if he immerses during the day, at night he will be fully Tahor and able to eat it).
(e) Question (Reish Lakish): The Torah permits Tum'ah for the owners more than for the Kohanim!

1. An owner who is Tamei Sheretz can send his Korban (offer it through a Shali'ach), but a Tamei Sheretz Kohen is Mechalel Avodah;
2. An owner who is Tamei Mes cannot send his Korban (Pesach, since he will not be Tahor at night to eat it), all the more so a Tamei Mes Kohen is Mechalel Avodah!

(f) Answer: Ziknei Darom hold that a Tamei Mes *can* send his Korban (even though he will not be able to eat it).