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1) ATONEMENT WITHOUT "TESHUVAH"

(a) (Rebbi): Yom Kipur atones for all sins, whether or not a person repented, with three exceptions: one who denies the basis of Torah, one who ridicules Torah, and one who annuls circumcision (he does not circumcise himself, or he stretches his skin in order to appear uncircumcised);

1. For these three, Yom Kipur atones only if he repented.

(b) Question: What is Rebbi's reason?
(c) (Beraisa): "Ki Davar Hash-m Bazah" is one who denies the basis of Torah or ridicules Torah;

1. "V'Es Mitzvaso Hefar" is one who annuls circumcision;
2. "Hikares Tikares" - he is cut off before Yom Kipur and after Yom Kipur.
3. Suggestion: Perhaps this is even if he repented!
4. Rejection: "Avonah Bah" - this is only when he still has (not repented from) his sin.

(d) Chachamim expound "Hikares" - he is cut off in this world; "Tikares" - he is cut off in the world to come;

1. "Avonah Bah" - (this is only when he did not repent), if he repented and died, death cleanses.

(e) Question: Since the end of the Mishnah is R. Yehudah, also the beginning must be R. Yehudah!

1. (End of the Mishnah): It atones for Yisraelim, Kohanim and an anointed Kohen alike.
2. This is R. Yehudah's opinion!

(f) Answer (Rav Yosef): The Mishnah is Rebbi, he holds like R. Yehudah.
(g) Question (Abaye): Were you exact in saying that Rebbi holds like R. Yehudah, but we could not say the other way, for R. Yehudah does not hold like Rebbi?

1. Or, could we also say that the Mishnah is R. Yehudah, he holds like Rebbi;

i. You merely taught as one normally says, that the Talmid (Rebbi) holds like his teacher (R. Yehudah)?

(h) Answer (Rav Yosef): R. Yehudah does not hold like Rebbi.

1. (Beraisa): One might have thought that Yom Kipur atones for people even if they do not repent:

i. Suggestion: Chatas and Asham only atone for one who repented - we should say that also Yom Kipur only atones for one who repented!
ii. Rejection: Chatas and Asham do not atone for one who sinned intentionally - Yom Kipur atones even for intentional sins, we should say that it even atones for one who did not repent!
iii. "Ach" - this is a distinction (there are people Yom Kipur does not atone for, i.e. one who did not repent).

2. An unauthored Sifra (Beraisa that expounds a verse of Vayikra) is R. Yehudah, and it says that Yom Kipur only atones for one who repents!

(i) Contradiction (another unauthored Sifra): One might have thought that Yom Kipur applies only to one who fasted, blessed the day (Rashi; Tosfos - admits that the day has Kedushah) and did not do Melachah;

1. "Yom Kipurim Hu" teaches, it atones even for one who did none of the above. (Presumably, such person did not repent).

(j) Answer #1 (Abaye): The first Sifra is like R. Yehudah, the latter Sifra is like Rebbi.
(k) Answer #2 (Rava): Both are like Rebbi; the first Sifra speaks of transgressions of (Kares of) Yom Kipur itself, Rebbi admits that Yom Kipur does not atone for them without Teshuvah.

1. We must say thusly - if not, according to Rebbi, the Kares written for eating or working on Yom Kipur would never apply!
2. Objection: It would apply to one who transgressed at night and died that night, for only the *day* of Yom Kipur atones!
3. Correction: Rather, we must say thusly - if not, the Kares for eating or working on the *day* of Yom Kipur would never apply!

4. Rejection: It would apply to one who died as he transgressed (Tosfos - or died any time during Yom Kipur), or one who transgressed as the day ended, for there was no time for Yom Kipur to atone for him.

(a) (Mishnah): It atones for Yisraelim, Kohanim and an anointed Kohen alike.
(b) Question: The Mishnah proceeds to explain the difference between them!
(c) Answer (Rav Yehudah): The Mishnah says, they all get atonement for *other* transgressions through the goat that is sent (to Azazel);

1. It then explains that the bull atones for Tum'ah of Kohanim, the inner goat atones for Tum'ah of Yisraelim.

(d) Our Mishnah is R. Yehudah.

1. Version #1 - Rashi - (Beraisa - R. Yehudah): "V'Chiper Es Mikdash ha'Kodesh" - (the Kohen Gadol sprinkles the blood of the bull and inner goat to atone for Teme'im who entered) the Kodesh ha'Kodoshim; "Ohel Mo'ed" - (for Teme'im who entered) the Heichal; "ha'Mizbe'ach" - (for Teme'im who offered on) the Altar; "Yechaper" - (for entering) the Chatzer of the Mikdash;
2. Version #2 - Tosfos - (Beraisa - R. Yehudah): "V'Chiper Es Mikdash ha'Kodesh" - (he sprinkles the bloods between the staves of the Aron, in) the Kodesh ha'Kodoshim; "Ohel Mo'ed" - (he sprinkles towards the Paroches, while in) the Heichal; (he also sprinkles on the inner) "Mizbe'ach"; "Yechaper" - (he pours the leftover blood on the base of the outer Altar, which is in) the Chatzer; (end of Version #2)

i. The verse then says "Kohanim", "Am ha'Kahal" (Yisraelim) and "Yechaper" (to include Levi'im), to teach that the goat that is sent atones equally for all of them.

3. R. Shimon says, just as the blood of the inner goat atones for Yisraelim for Tum'ah of the Mikdash or Kodshim, the blood of the bull atones for Kohanim for Tum'ah of the Mikdash or Kodshim;

i. Just as the confession over the inner goat atones for Yisraelim for other transgressions, the confession over the bull atones for Kohanim for other transgressions.

4. Question: Surely, the verse equated the atonement of Kohanim and Yisraelim - how does R. Shimon explain this?
5. Answer: It teaches that they all get atonement for Tum'ah and for other transgressions; however, they get atonement through different sacrifices.

(e) Question: What is R. Shimon's reason?
(f) Answer: "V'Lakach Es Shnei ha'Se'irim" - this equates the inner goat and the goat that is sent;

1. Just as the inner goat does not atone for Kohanim for Tum'ah (since it says "La'Am"), the goat that is sent does not atone for Kohanim for other transgressions.

(g) R. Yehudah says that the Torah equates the goats to teach that they should have the same appearance, height and price.
(h) Question: (The following Beraisa suggests that if Kohanim do not get atonement through the bull, they get no atonement) - who is the Tana?

1. (Beraisa): "V'Shachat Es Se'ir ha'Chatas Asher la'Am" - it does not atone for Kohanim;

i. Rather, they get atonement through the Kohen Gadol's bull.

2. Question: Regarding the bull it says "Asher Lo" - this should teach that it does not atone for them!

i. If so, nothing would atone for them!

3. Answer #1: "Yechaper v'Al ha'Kohanim" - this proves that they get atonement;

i. It is more reasonable to say that they get atonement through the Kohen Gadol's bull, for it atones for more than it says ("Lo", just himself), it also atones for "Beiso" (the Kohen Gadol's wife);
ii. We do not find that the goat that is sent atones for more than Yisraelim, it does not atone for the Kohen Gadol's wife.

4. Answer #2: Alternatively, we can learn from "Beis Aharon Borechu Es Hash-m" - all the Kohanim are called "Beiso".

(i) Answer #1 (R. Yirmeyah): The Tana is not R. Yehudah, for he says that Kohanim get atonement through the goat that is sent.

1. Question: So who is the Tana?
2. Answer (Rava): It is R. Shimon, who says that Kohanim do not get atonement through the goat that is sent.