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1) R. YISHMAEL'S OPINION

(a) Question: According to R. Yishmael, we cannot say that the outer goat atones for a Chet that was not known at the beginning and was known at the end, for he obligates a sacrifice in such a case;

1. What does the outer goat atone for?

(b) Answer: When he did not know at the beginning nor at the end.
(c) Question: The goats of Rosh Chodesh and the festivals atone for this!
(d) Answer: R. Yishmael holds like R. Meir, who says that the goats of Rosh Chodesh, the festivals and the outer goat all atone for the same thing.
(e) Question: Why was it necessary for the Torah to equate the outer goat to the inner goat?
(f) Answer: To teach that just as the inner goat does not atone for Chata'im other than Tum'ah of the Mikdash and Kodshim, also the outer goat.

(a) (Mishnah - R. Yehudah): The goats of the festivals and Rosh Chodesh atone for Tum'ah which was never known.
(b) Question (Rav Yehudah): How does R. Yehudah learn this (Rashi; Tosfos - that they atone for Tum'ah of the Mikdash and Kodshim).
(c) Answer (part 1 - Rav Yehudah): He learns (the goat of Rosh Chodesh) from "U'S'ir Izim Echad l'Chatas la'Sh-m" - Chata'im that only Hash-m knows about.

1. Question: That verse is needed for Reish Lakish's teaching!

i. (Reish Lakish): The Chatas of Rosh Chodesh says "La'Shem" to hint that Hash-m commanded us to bring an atonement for the diminishing of the moon.

2. Answer: If it only came to teach Reish Lakish's teaching, it should have said 'Al Hash-m';

i. "La'Shem" teaches as Rav Yehudah expounded.

3. Question: Perhaps it only teaches like Rav Yehudah, and not Reish Lakish's teaching!
4. Answer: If so, it should have said 'Chatas Hash-m';

i. "Chatas La'Shem" teaches both.

(d) Suggestion: The goat of Rosh Chodesh should atone for all Chata'im (that only Hash-m knows about)!
(e) Rejection (Beraisa - Tana d'vei R. Yishmael): The goat of Rosh Chodesh comes at fixed times, just like the outer goat (of Yom Kipur);

1. Just as the outer goat only atones for Tum'ah of the Mikdash and Kodshim, also the goat of Rosh Chodesh.

(f) Question: We have only answered regarding the goat of Rosh Chodesh;

1. How do we know that goats of the festivals atone for Tum'ah of the Mikdash and Kodshim, even though these are Chata'im of Kares?
2. Suggestion: Tana d'vei R. Yishmael's teaching also applies to them.
3. Rejection: We cannot learn from the goat of Rosh Chodesh, for the festivals come less regularly;

i. We cannot learn from the outer goat, for the atonement of Yom Kipur is greater (it is for all Chata'im).

4. Question: We learned Rosh Chodesh from the outer goat, without objecting that Rosh Chodesh comes more regularly (and therefore, perhaps it atones for more)!

5. Answer: The Torah explicitly writes that the goat of Rosh Chodesh atones, the outer goat only teaches to limit the atonement;

i. Here, we seek a source that the goats of the festivals atone, we cannot learn from something which atones more.

(g) Answer (part 2): We learn as R. Chama b'Rebbi Chanina taught.

1. (R. Chama b'Rebbi Chanina): By goats of the festivals it says "U'S'ir" - the extra 'Vov' equates it to the previous matter (the goat of Rosh Chodesh).
2. Just as the goat of Rosh Chodesh atones (for Tum'ah of the Mikdash and Kodshim) when he did not know at the beginning nor at the end, also the goats of the festivals.

(h) Question: If a person has no knowledge of his Chet, but others know and will probably tell him, what is the law?

1. Does R. Yehudah consider this a Chet that is known at the end, and the outer goat atones for it?
2. Or, is it considered a Chet known only to Hash-m, and the goats of Rosh Chodesh and the festivals atone for it?

(i) Answer (Beraisa - R. Yehudah): The goats of Rosh Chodesh and the festivals atone for a Chet that is not known at the beginning nor at the end, or that others know about and will tell him.

(a) (Mishnah): R. Shimon says, the goats of the festivals atone for Tum'ah (of the Mikdash and Kodshim) which was never known, not those of Rosh Chodesh. (The goats of Rosh Chodesh atone for a Tahor person who ate Tamei Kodshim.)
(b) (R. Elazar): R. Shimon learns from a Gezeirah Shavah "Avon-Avon".

1. It says regarding the goat of Rosh Chodesh (when the Mishkan was inaugurated) "Laseis Es Avon ha'Edah", and regarding the Tzitz (the plate on the Kohen Gadol's forehead) it says "Avon"
2. Similar to the Tzitz, which makes acceptable a sacrifice whose meat (regarding a burnt offering, in which the meat is offered on the Altar) or blood or Chelev became Tamei, the goat of Rosh Chodesh atones for (a person who ate) Tamei Kodesh meat.

(c) Question: The Tzitz makes acceptable Tamei Kodshim brought on the Altar, we should learn that the goat of Rosh Chodesh does the same (R. Shmuel - that it atones for one who brought Tamei Kodshim on the Altar).
(d) Answer: By the goat it says "Avon ha'Edah" (a sin that only applies to people (R. Shmuel - to Yisraelim)).
(e) Suggestion: Since we learn each from the other through a Gezeirah Shavah, we should say that the goat effects its atonement and also makes acceptable as the Tzitz!

1. (Normally, there is no need for something else to make the sacrifice acceptable, but) this would makes a difference if the Tzitz was broken!

(f) Rejection #1: "Avon (singular)" - the goat only bears one sin, not two.
(g) Suggestion: We should say that the Tzitz makes acceptable, and also atones as the goat of Rosh Chodesh!

1. This would give immediate atonement for a Tahor person who ate Tamei meat!

(h) Rejection #1: By the goat it says "Osah (it)" - only the goat bears this sin.
(i) Rejection #2 (to both suggestions - Rav Ashi): By the goat it says "Avon ha'Edah" - not the sin of Kodshim (that were offered in Tum'ah);

1. By the Tzitz it says "Avon ha'Kodshim" - not the sin of Yisraelim.