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1)

(a) It makes no difference whether one carries out the ink when it is dry, or on the tip of his pen or still in the ink-well. One is Chayav in all three cases.

(b) One needs to carry sufficient ink to write two letters of the alphabet in order to be Chayav on Shabbos.

(c) The Gemara asks whether one letter's volume of ink of the one, and one of the other, is Chayav or not, and remains with a Teiku.

(a) If someone writes the two letters of ink whilst he is walking, he will be Chayav, because placing the ink in its place on the paper is called a Hanachah, even though *he* is still moving.

(b) If someone writes the first letter, before going to fetch the second one, he will be Patur, since, when he fetches the second drop - to complete the Melachah, he does not have the Shiur of two letters.

(c) If, on the other hand, he fetches the second half-Kigerogeres, and places it beside the first, he will be Chayav, unless ...

(d) ... he picked up the first half before placing the second, which is similar to the Din in b, and is the case referred to by Rava.

(a) Rava says that, if he passes the second half-Kigerogeres over the first half, he will be Chayav, because he passed it within three Tefachim of the first half.

(b) When Rava said that even within three Tefachim requires a Hanachah on at least a minimal size surface, that is by an object that he threw; here, he is speaking about passing the one half-Kigerogeres over the other one in his hand (which is even better then a minimal surface, as we learned earlier in the Masechta), and his hand is considered as if it was Munach, since it is within three Tefachim of the ground.

(c) According to Rabbah, Rebbi Yossi holds that someone who carries out two half-Shiurim to two Reshuyos, is Patur, only if there is a Reshus ha'Yachid dividing between the two Reshus ha'Rabbims.

(d) According to Rava, even if there is no more than a piece of wood and he carries one half-Shiur to one side of the piece of wood, and the other half-Shiur to the other side, he will be Patur - provided the piece of wood stretches right across the street, cutting it in two.

(e) The Din regarding Gitin is, that, if a man lends his wife a place in his courtyard, to enable her to receive her Get, and he then throws her the Get to where she is standing in the courtyard, but it rolls on to a piece of wood, she is not divorced. Why not?
Because the man lent her *one* place in his courtyard, and not *two*. From here we say that a piece of wood (which presumably, there too, stretched across his yard), is called an independent domain.

(a) It is common for women who are particularly modest, to cover *one* eye, and consequently, they need to paint only the other one. Consequently, the Shiur for carrying eye-paint is enough to paint *one* eye, and not two.

(b) Rebbi Shimon ben Elazar, who gives the Shiur for carrying out eye-paint as enough to paint *two* eyes, is speaking about women who live in villages (or in small towns), where the level of morality is higher, and the need for excessive modesty is non-existent. Consequently, *they* do not cover one eye, with the result that all women there paint *two* eyes, and not* one*.

(a) The Shiur for carrying out glue is enough to smear on the surface of a bird trap (where they would also place seeds, so that, when the birds would alight on the board to peck the seeds, their feet would become stuck in the glue).

(b) By the Shiur of a reed, Rebbi Yehudah gives the Shiur as - long enough to make a sample shoelace for a small child's shoe, which is a smaller Shiur than that of the Rabbanan, who give the Shiur as long enough to use as a hook for a sieve. So how come that, when it comes to broken pieces of earthenware, Rebbi Yehudah gives the Shiur as - enough to make the foot of the tripod of a furnace, which is a larger Shiur than the small mouth-piece of the furnace, given by the Rabbanan?

(c) Rebbi Yehudah is not referring to making the leg of the tripod of a gold-smith's furnace, but to filling in the cracks of its leg, which is much smaller - even than the Shiur of the Rabbanan.

6) The Shiur for carrying out ...

1. ... hair on Shabbos - is the amount that one would need to mix the amount of cement to make a mouth-piece for a goldsmith's furnace ...
2. ... which is also the Shiur for carrying out the cement?

(a) The Shiur for carrying out lime (plaster) on Shabbos - is enough to smear on the little finger of one's little daughter.

(b) Wealthy people tended to use flour to remove premature hair from their little daughters.

(c) Sateches means myrrh-oil. Some say that kings would use the oil made from olives that had not yet ripened a third.

(d) The gentile made the mistake of smearing his daughter's entire body with lime. When she died, he blamed Rav Bibi for giving him the idea. What he did not realize was that Rav Bibi had smeared *his* daughter limb by limb - not the whole body in one go.

(a)

1. Kilkel is a temple-pack (that one smears on her temples to keep her hair flat.
2. The Gemara initially interprets Undifi to mean a pack that one places below the temples, to remove small strands of hair.

(b) Rebbi Yehudah's Shiur may well be larger than Rebbi Nechemyah's, but it is smaller than that of the Rabbanan (who say enough to smear on a young girl's small finger).

(c) The Gemara retracts from this interpretation of Undifi, on the basis of the Beraisa, which describes Kilkel as being in the form of liquid lime, and Undifi as eggs in the form of plaster. Now according to the previous interpretation of Undifi, why should Undifi not take the same liquid form as Kilkel?

(d) Andifa was an earthenware wine-container. The container had two holes, one above (to pour in the wine) and one, below (from which to pour out). When filling it, one would block the lower hole - with a plaster egg (According to this explanation, Rebbi Yehudah's Shiur is even smaller than Rebbi Nechemyah's).
The Gemara rejects this interpretation on the grounds that nobody would use such a container for wine, since the lime absorbs the wine, and to use a vessel with lime for wine, would constitute a waste of good wine.

(a)

1. Shenasos means the markers in a measuring vessel; e.g. a quarter-liter, a half-liter, one liter etc. And these would be chalked in with a plaster egg.
2. Andifa Apusa means smearing the forehead (where there is no hair) which they would do with a plaster-egg - in order to give the skin there a sheen.

(b) The reason that they acknowledged the Divine justice - for the death of that Galilean by a hornet sting, was because he should not have Darshened the Ma'aseh ha'Merkavah in public, like the Mishnah says in Chagigah (11b).

(a) The Rabbanan give the Shiur for carrying ...

1. ... red clay - as enough to seal a letter;
2. ... for manure and fine sand - as enough to fertilize a leek.

(b) The Shiur for ...

1. ... thick sand - is the amount that one adds to a trowel full of lime.
2. ... a thin cane - is to make a quill.
3. ... a thick or split cane - is enough to use as fuel to boil an egg that cooks easily.

(c) The Gemara thinks that the author of our Mishnah must be Rebbi Yehudah, because he is the one who holds that thick sand improves the lime - since he forbids one to whitewash one's house with lime, even when thick sand has been added to it (whereas the Rabbanan permits it, if thick sand or straw added).

(d) The Gemara concludes that the author might just as well be the Rabbanan; and it is precisely because the thick sand spoils the lime, that one is permitted to use it to whitewash one's house - which in turn, is the reason that that is the Shiur for which one is Chayav on Shabbos ('Kilkulo Zehu Tikuno').

12)

(a) The egg that is being cooked has been mixed with oil.

(b) Mar Brei de'Ravina's son understood Beitzah to mean the egg of the smallest bird - a Tziltzela (a kind of locust).

(c) Mar Brei de'Ravina explains Beitzah Kalah to mean the egg that is the quickest to cook - a chicken's egg.

(d) What the Tana actually means is, not the Shiur of an entire egg, but a Kigerogeres of a chicken's egg.