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1) POSTPONED ACQUISITIONS

(a) Question (R. Hoshaya): A man gives two Perutos to a woman, and tells her, 'One Perutah should engage you to me today; the other should engage you to me after I divorce you'.

1. Bar Pada will hold that the 2nd engagement also works!

(b) Objection (R. Yirmiyah): You cannot compare the case when the one who created the Kedushah redeems it, to a case where someone else redeems it!

1. (R. Yochanan): If the one who made them Hekdesh redeems them, they become Hekdesh again; if someone else redeems them, they do not.
2. The case of engagement is like redemption by someone else.

(a) (Mishnah): One who vows not to benefit from seafarers is permitted to benefit from those that dwell on land; one who vows not to benefit from those that dwell on land is forbidden to benefit from seafarers, since seafarers are also considered to dwell on land.

1. The intention is not to those that go from Ako to Yafo, rather to those that take extended voyages.

(b) (Gemara - Rav Papa or Rav Acha Brei d'Rav Ika): The last clause applies to the beginning of the Mishnah;
(c) (The other of Rav Papa/Rav Acha Brei d'Rav Ika): It applies to the end of the Mishnah.
(d) The one who applies it to the beginning explains: One who vows not to benefit from seafarers is permitted to benefit from those that dwell on land - we infer, he may not benefit from seafarers;

1. The seafarers referred to are not those that go from Ako to Yafo - those are considered to dwell on land - rather, it refers to those that take extended voyages.

(e) The opinion that it applies to the end of the Mishnah explains: One who vows not to benefit from those that dwell on land is forbidden to benefit from seafarers;

1. The intention is not only to those that go from Ako to Yafo, rather, even to those that take extended voyages, for they also eventually come to land.

(a) (Mishnah): One who vows from 'Ro'ei ha'Chamah' (seers of the sun) may not benefit even from blind people - his intention was to people seen by the sun.
(b) (Gemara): We infer this from the fact that he did not say 'Those that see'; he excluded fish and embryos from his vow.
(c) (Mishnah): One who vows from black-headed people may not benefit from bald people or white-haired people, but may benefit from women and children - only men are called black-headed.
(d) (Gemara): (He may not benefit from bald or white-haired people) - from the fact that he did not say 'Those with hair'.
(e) (Mishnah): He may benefit from women and children - only men are called black-headed.
(f) Question: Why is this?
(g) Answer: Men sometimes cover their heads, sometimes not; but women's heads are always covered, and children's are always uncovered (and one would refer to them as those of covered/exposed heads).
(h) (Mishnah): One who vows from Yeludim (those already born) may benefit from Noladim (those that will be born); one who vows from Noladim may not benefit from Yeludim;
(i) R. Meir permits even from Yeludim; Chachamim say, his intention was to those that enter the world via birth.
(j) (Gemara) Question: According to R. Meir (who permits even Yeludim), and obviously Noladim - from whom did he vow?
(k) Answer: The Mishnah is abbreviated - the full version is:
One who vows from Yeludim may benefit from Noladim; one who vows from 'Noladim' may not benefit from Yeludim;
(l) R. Meir says, even one who vows from Noladim may benefit from Yeludim, just as one who vows from Yeludim may benefit from Noladim.
(m) Question (Rav Papa): Apparently, 'Noladim' means those that will be born. But it says, "Your 2 children ha'Noladim' to you in Mitzrayim" - can we say, that will be born?!
(n) Counter-question (Abaye): If you say it means, those that were born - but it says, "A son Nolad to the house of David, Yoshiyahu"!

1. It cannot mean, was born - even Menashe was not yet born at that time!

(o) Answer (to both questions - Abaye): Rather, Nolad (in the Torah) has both meanings; regarding vows, we go after the way people speak.
(p) (Mishnah): Chachamim say, his intention was to those that enter the world via birth.

1. This excludes fish and birds (they hatch from eggs).