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1) [line 25] L'AFUKEI L'REBBI SHIMON ME'CHAZAKEI - [for emphasis, to show that he intended] to withdraw Rebbi Shimon from his usual position of holding the lenient opinion

2a) [line 19] HAV'ARAH - kindling a fire

b) [line 19] HAV'ARAH L'LAV YATZAS
(a) All 39 of the Avos Melachos of Shabbos (major categories of creative acts) and Toldos (secondary categories) are included in one prohibition by the Torah with the words, "...Shabbos Shabbason la'Sh-m, Kol ha'Oseh Vo Melachah Yumas." - "It is a day of complete rest to HaSh-m, whoever does wor k on it will be put to death." (Shemos 35:2). The next verse states, "Lo Seva'aru Esh b'Chol Moshevoseichem, b'Yom ha'Shabbos" - "You shall not kindle a fire in any of your settlements on the day of Shabbos." (ibid. 35:3)
(b) Rebbi Yosi rules l'Lav Yatzas, that the Melachah of kindling was singled out in the Torah to teach that transgressing it involves only a Lav (and is not punishable with Sekilah - stoning, like the other Melachos, but with Malkos - lashes). Rebbi Nasan rules l'Chalek Yatzas, that the Melachah of kindling was singled out in the Torah to teach that transgressing it (or any other Melachah) alone will require one to bring a Korban Chatas when the transgression was b'Shogeg. One does not have to transgress *all* of the Melachos in order to be obligated to bring one Korban.

3) [line 20] PARO SHEL KOHEN GADOL (PAR YOM HA'KIPURIM)
(a) In Parshas Acharei Mos (Vayikra 16:3-6), Aharon is commanded to offer on Yom ha'Kipurim a bull as a Chatas and a ram as an Olah from his own money. From the money of the Tzibur, he is commanded to offer two goats as Korbenos Chatas (one goat was sacrificed and one was sent to Azazel) and one ram as an Olah. The offering of these Korbanos form the major part of the Yom ha'Kipurim service that the Kohen Gadol must perform every year.
(b) The Kohen Gadol sprinkles the blood of the bull in the Kodshei Kodashim (Vayikra 16:14), on the Paroches (ibid. 16:16) and on the Mizbe'ach ha'Ketores (ibid. 16:18). Its flesh is entirely burned in the place outside of Yerushalayim where the ashes from the Mizbe'ach are deposited. The remainder of its blood is poured on the western Yesod of the Mizbe'ach ha'Chitzon, but omitting this last procedure does not prevent atonement, because during the rest of the year pouring the blood on the Yesod is not a requirement for atonement.

4) [line 23] SHE'ZAR ETZLO KA'AMAR - I meant anyone who is considered a Zar (an outsider) with regard to this Korban (which includes a Kohen Hedyot - a Kohen who is not the Kohen Gadol)

5) [line 42] PITUY KETANAH ONES NINHU
(a) If a woman who is a minor has extra-marital relations, even if she does so of her own free will ("Pituy" - seduction), she is considered to have been raped. Her mental capacity is not considered developed enough to incriminate her for adultery; her actions are not considered to be based on her free will.
(b) The Halachic ramification of this is as follows. If a woman who is betrothed or married to one man willingly has relations with another, she becomes a Sotah and is prohibited to her husband. If she is a minor, though, it is considered as if the other man raped her and she is still permitted to her husband (as long as he is not a Kohen).

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