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1)

(a) The reason that the Shiur for straw is enough to fill the mouth of a cow, and not the larger Shiur of a camel's mouth, is because cows eat straw, camels do not. And, by the same token, lambs eats stubble, kids do not.

(b) Chazal determined the Shiur of straw of legumes by the camel's mouthful, and not by a cow's, because cows do not generally eat straw of legumes.

(c) Anything which has two uses, Chazal tended to go after the smaller Shiur Lehachmir. Consequently, since grass is fit for a goat as well as for a lamb, we take the smaller Shiur of the goat.

(a) Kid-goats eat dry garlic and onion leaves, but not fresh ones. Consequently, fresh leaves are gauged by the more lenient Shiur of human food, which is a Kigerogeres.

(b) Someone who carries two different half-Shiurim is not Chayav, since two kinds which have different Shiurim do not combine.

(a) The Gemara disagrees with the contention that Rebbi Yochanan finally conceded that one is Patur for carrying out a cow's mouthful of straw to feed a camel, because there is no reason why someone who carries out a Shiur which is Chashuv, should be Patur?

(b) In fact, concludes the Gemara, Rebbi Yochanan and Resh Lakish argue where one carries out a cow's mouthful of straw of legumes - to feed a cow. Rebbi Yochanan holds that, although a cow will eat straw of legumes if it is very hungry, emergency eating is not called eating. Resh Lakish maintains that it is.

(c) Our Mishnah, which gives the Shiur for stubble as enough to fill the mouth of a lamb, does not clash with the Beraisa, which gives the Shiur of a Kigerogeres, because they are one and the same Shiur.

(a) No! It is not correct to say that different Shiurim *never* combine. They do not combine to make up the smaller, more stringent Shiur, but they *do* combine to make up the larger, more lenient Shiur.

(b) A garment which is three by three Tefachim, is subject to Tum'as Medras - for Tum'as Maga it is already subject to Tum'ah when it is three finger-breadths by three finger-breadths.

(c) Sak (a material made of goat's hair) is subject to any Tum'ah when it is at least four Tefachim by four Tefachim; hide when it is five by five Tefachim and a reed-mat when it is six by six.

(d) The Shiur of the one will combine with the one nearest to it i.e. cloth and sack, sack and hide, hide and reed; this is because they are fit to be stitched together and used as patches for a saddle-cloth on a donkey's back.

(a) We see from this latter statement that these different Shiurim only combine because they are fit to be stitched and used together, but otherwise not? So how can Rebbi Yossi b'Rebbi Chanina say that the various animal foods combine to make-up the larger Shiur?

(b) The answer is that here too, the different animal foods arefit to be combined - because someone who has animal food to sell, will gather a small amount from each kind of food, and place them on a pile outside his window, to advertise what he is selling. He prefers to combine them, because, were he to place them separately, they would just blow away.

6)

(a) Yes! Different foods will combine to make up the Shiur Kigerogeres. As a rule, when the Shiurim tally, different commodities combine.

(b) The peels, the pits, the stalks, the husks and the bran do not combine with the fruit to make up the Shiur.

(c)

1. Subin is the husks.
2. Mursan is the coarse bran.

(d) According to Rebbi Yehudah, the lentil-shells *do* combine with the lentils to make up the Shiur, since one tends to cook them together with the lentils.

(a) The husks and the bran combine to make up the Shiur Chalah. They are considered food, because poor people tend to eat their bread without removing them. Shabbos however, is different, because one is only Chayav for carrying something which is Chashuv. Consequently, since most people tend to remove the husks and the bran before baking the bread, it is not considered Chashuv, and does not therefore combine with the food to make up the Shiur on Shabbos.

(b) In our Mishnah, Rebbi Yehudah only mentions lentil-shells, because he is speaking about *old* shells, and old bean-shells (outer husks) do not combine; whereas in the Beraisa, he is speaking about *new* shells, in which case, bean-shells will also combine, since they too (like lentils), are cooked together with the beans.

(c) Rebbi Yehudah agrees with the Chachamim by *old* bean-shells, because they turn black and resemble worms (so people tend to throw them away).

8)

(a) The Shiur for carrying out ...

1. ... milk - is one mouthful.
2. ... honey - is the amount that one would place on sores on horses' and camels' backs.
3. ... oil - is the amount that one would use to anoint a small limb (this will be explained later).
4. ... water - is the amount that one would mix with other ingredients to make up an eye-cure.

(b) The Shiur of all other liquids - including sewage-water - is a Revi'is ha'Lug.

(c) A Revi'is ha'Lug is the equivalent of one and a half egg-volumes.

(a) According to Rebbi Shimon, the Shiur of all liquids is a Revi'is ha'Lug, and no less.

(b) The Shiurim of less than a Revi'is - mentioned by the Tana Kama, refer, not to ordinary people, but to people who put these Shiurim away; *they* will be Chayav for less than a Revi'is, but nobody else.

(a) A 'Kos Yafeh' refers to a Kos shel Berachah - i.e. the cup of wine over which one recites Birchas ha'Mazon with a Mezuman. It is so-called, because the Chachamim required its beautification (the ten things described in Berachos 51a).

(b) The cup must contain a quarter of a Revi'is of wine, so that it will amount to a full Revi'is when the appropriate amount of water has been added (after Birchas ha'Aretz).