POINT BY POINT SUMMARY
by R. Nosson Slifkin
Kollel Iyun Hadaf, Yerushalayim
Rosh Kollel: Rabbi Mordecai Kornfeld
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Introduction to Rosh Hashanah
Rosh Hashanah 2
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ROSH HASHANAH 2-10 sponsored by a generous grant from an anonymous donor. Kollel Iyun Hadaf is indebted to him for his encouragement and support and prays that Hashem will repay him in kind.
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1) MISHNAH: FOUR ROSHEI SHANIM
(a) The year for kings & festivals begins on the first of
Nisan.
(b) The year for Ma'aser Behemah begins on the first of Elul
(Tana Kama) or on the first of Tishrei (R. Elazar & R.
Shimon).
(c) The year for counting years, Shemittah, Yovelos, Orlah
and Ma'aser Yerek begins on the first of Tishrei.
(d) The year for trees begins on the first of Shevat (Beis
Shamai) or on the fifteenth of Shevat (Beis Hillel).
2) THE NEW YEAR FOR KINGS
(a) Question: What is the relevance of the new year for
kings?
(b) Answer: In order to void a pre-dated contract.
(c) When a king is appointed on the 29th of Adar, that day
counts as the first year of his reign.
1. This teaches that the new year for kings is the
first of Nisan.
2. It also teaches that one day can count as a year.
2b---------------------------------------2b
(d) But when a king is appointed on the first of Nisan, it is
not counted as a year until the following Nisan.
1. Question: This is obvious!?
2. Answer: It is needed to teach that when the king
was selected in Adar (but not yet crowned), it is
not counted as his first year.
(e) If a king died and was succeeded in Adar, that year is
counted for both kings.
1. Question: This is obvious!?
2. Answer: It is needed to teach that one year can
count for two kings.
(f) If a king died and was succeeded in Nisan, that year is
counted for both kings.
1. Question: This is obvious!?
2. It is needed to teach that one day can count as a
whole year (for the deceased king) even when it is
at the beginning of the year.
(g) If a king died in Adar and was succeeded in Nisan, the
first year is counted for the first (deceased) king and
the second year is counted for the second (new) king.
1. Question: This is obvious!?
2. Answer: It is needed to teach that even in a case
where the second king was selected in Adar, and he
is the son of a king, nevertheless his first year
is only counted from when he is crowned (i.e. in
Nisan).
3) THE SOURCE OF NISAN AS THE NEW YEAR FOR KINGS
(a) (R. Yochanan) The new year for kings is learned from a
verse that relates the date of King Shlomo's reign with
the Exodus, the years from which are counted from Nisan.
(b) Question: How do we know that the years from the Exodus
are counted from Nisan and not from Tishrei?
(c) Answer: The Pasuk refers to Aharon's death (in Av) and
Moshe's later speech (in Shevat) as being in the same
year (thus the year cannot begin from Tishrei).
(d) Question: How do we know that Moshe's speech is being
dated from the Exodus and not from a point of reference
a year later, such as from the building of the Mishkan?
(e) Answer (based on Rav Papa's Gezerah Shavah later): The
identical phrase of "the fortieth year" in each verse
shows (as a Gezerah Shavah) that they are being counted
from the same point (the Exodus).
(f) Question: How do we know that Moshe's speech was
subsequent to Aharon's death (perhaps it was before his
death)!?
(g) Answer: Moshe's speech followed Sichon's death, and when
Aharon died Sichon was still alive.
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