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1) UNTIL THE RAINS

(a) Question (Beraisa - R. Meir): The time of the 1st rains is the 3rd (of Cheshvan); the middle rains - the 7th; the last rains - the 17th;
(b) R. Yehudah says, the times are the 7th, 17th and 23rd; R. Yosi says, the 17th, 23rd and Rosh Chodesh Kislev;

1. This fits with R. Yosi's opinion that individuals do not fast for rain until Rosh Chodesh Kislev.
2. We understand, we must teach the time of the 1st rains, for this is when we request rain in prayer; the time of the 3rd rains is when individuals start fasting.
3. Question: Why must we know the time of the middle rains?
4. Answer (R. Zeira): For one who vows (until the rains).
5. Question: As which of the 3 above opinions is the following?

i. (Beraisa - R. Shimon Ben Gamliel): Rains that fell 7 consecutive days, this constitutes the 1st and 2nd rains.

6. Answer: As R. Yosi. (This culminates question (a), as follows).

i. Tosfos explains, R. Zeira said that all agree that 'Until the rain' means until the 1st rain, but here, R. Shimon Ben Gamliel is concerned for the time of the 2nd rains (which we said is needed for one that vowed).
ii. The Ran explains, in the Beraisa, R. Shimon Ben Gamliel told Chachamim that they should consider the 2nd rains to be after 7 straight days of rain - but R. Zeira said that all agree, when he says 'Until the rain' that it means the normal time, whether or not the rain came!

(c) Answer: In the Beraisa, the case is that he vowed 'Until the rains'.

(a) (Mishnah): 'Wine is forbidden to me for a year' - if the year was made a leap year, he is also forbidden in the added month;
(b) 'Until Rosh Chodesh Adar' - he is forbidden until Rosh Chodesh of the 1st Adar;
(c) 'Until the end of Adar' - he is forbidden until the end of the 1st Adar.
(d) (Gemara): We infer, when unspecified, 'Adar' means the 1st Adar.
(e) Suggestion: The Mishnah is as R. Yehudah.

1. (Beraisa - R. Meir): When writing a document in Adar 1, one writes the date 'Adar 1'; in Adar 2, one just writes 'Adar';
2. R. Yehudah says, in Adar 1, one writes 'Adar'; in Adar 2, one writes 'Adar 2'.

(f) Rejection (Abaye): Our Mishnah is even as R. Meir.

1. When one knows that it will be a leap year, 'Adar' refers to Adar 2; before one knows that it will be a leap year, 'Adar' refers to Adar 1.

(g) Support (Beraisa): 'Until Rosh Chodesh Adar' - until Rosh Chodesh of the 1st Adar; if it is a leap year, until Rosh Chodesh Adar 2.

1. We infer, the 1st law is when he did not know that it is a leap year.
2. This is as Abaye - in the end of the Beraisa, when he knows of the leap year, 'Adar' means Adar 2.

(a) (Mishnah - R. Yehudah): 'Wine is forbidden to me until it will be Pesach' - he only intended until the night of Pesach, the time when people drink wine;
(b) 'Meat is forbidden to me until it will be the fast' - he is only forbidden until (but not including the meal before) the night of Yom Kipur, for he only intended until the time when people eat meat;
(c) R. Yosi Bar R. Yehudah says, 'Garlic is forbidden to me until it will be Shabbos' - he is only forbidden until (but not including the meal before) Shabbos night, for he only intended until the time when people eat garlic.
(d) Reuven told Shimon: 'You may not benefit from me if you do not take for your children (from me) a Kor of wheat and 2 barrels of wine' - Shimon can permit this vow without asking a Chacham.

1. He says, you only vowed for my honor - it is my honor that I not take!

(e) Similarly: Reuven told Shimon: 'You may not benefit from me if you do not give my son a Kor of wheat and 2 barrels of wine' - R. Meir says, the vow stands until he gives;

1. Chachamim say, Reuven can permit this vow without asking a Chacham - he says, it is as if I received.

(f) Reuven was being pressured to marry his sister's daughter; he was refusing. He vowed that his niece should never benefit from him;
(g) Or - Reuven divorced his wife, and vowed that she should never benefit from him;

1. In both cases, they may benefit from him - he only intended to forbid marital relations.

(h) Shimon was insisting that Reuven eat by him; Reuven was refusing. 'It is forbidden for me to enter your house or to drink a drop of a cold drink from you' - he may enter his house and drink a cold drink.

1. He only intended to forbid a proper meal.