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1) A VOW FROM GRAIN

(a) (Mishnah - R. Meir): One who vows from Dagan (grain) may not have dry Egyptian beans; Chachamim say, he is only forbidden the 5 species (wheat, barley, oats, spelt, rye).

1. R. Meir: One who vows from Tevu'ah (produce) is only forbidden the 5 species, but one who vows from grain is forbidden in all; he is permitted fruits and vegetables.

(b) (Gemara): We infer, Dagan means anything which is NiDGaN (piled).
(c) Question (Rav Yosef): "When the matter spread, Bnei Yisrael brought many tithes - Dagan, wine, oil, and all produce of the field".

1. If Dagan means anything which is piled - this includes all produce!

(d) Answer: "All produce" comes to include fruits and vegetables.
(e) (Mishnah): R. Meir says, one who vows from Tevu'ah ...
(f) (R. Yochanan): Both Tana'im agree, one who vows from Tevu'ah is only forbidden the 5 grains.

1. Support (Beraisa): They agree, one who vows from Tevu'ahA is only forbidden the 5 grains.

(g) Question: This is obvious!
(h) Answer: One might have thought, Tevu'ah includes everything - we hear, this is not so.
(i) Question (Rav Yosef): "When the matter spread, Bnei Yisrael brought many tithes - Dagan, wine, oil, and all Tevu'ah of the field" (Dagan includes the 5 grains - Tevu'ah must include other things)!
(j) Answer (Rava): Tevu'ah is only the 5 grains; "Tevu'ah of the field" includes other things.

(a) Shmuel's son commanded to give 13,000 Zuz to Rava, from the Alalta (increase) of Nahar Panya.

1. Question (Rava): What is considered Alalta?
2. Answer (Rav Yosef - Beraisa): They agree, one who vows from Tevu'ah is only forbidden the 5 grains.
3. Objection (Abaye): This does not answer the question! Tevu'ah only implies the 5 grains, but Alalta includes everything!
4. Rava (after hearing the answer): I knew that Alalta includes all that grows - my question was whether rental of houses and ships is included.

i. Perhaps, since houses and ships depreciate, this is not considered increase;
ii. Or, since the depreciation is not discernable (in the short run), it is considered increase.

5. Rav Yosef received Rava's clarification of his question; he was upset. 'If he knows himself, why did he ask us?'
6. Rava came to Rav Yosef on Erev Yom Kipur (to ask forgiveness); he found Rav Yosef's servant mixing wine for Rav Yosef. He volunteered to mix the wine himself.
7. Rav Yosef (after tasting the wine; he was blind): This is how Rava mixes wine!
8. Rava: Yes, it is me.
9. Rav Yosef: Explain the verse - "From a wilderness (to) Matanah, and from Matanah (to) Nachli'el, and from Nachli'el (to) Bamos".
10. Rava: When a person makes himself Hefker as a wilderness to all, Torah is given to him as a Matanah (gift); when he receives Torah as a gift, it is as a Nachalah (inheritance) to him; once it is as an inheritance to him, he rises to a high standing (Bamos).

i. If he raises himself (becomes haughty), Hash-m lowers him - "And from Bamos to ha'Gai (the low place)"; further, he will be stuck in the ground - "v'Nishkafa (overlooks - the word resembles Iskufa (threshhold, which is trampled on)) on the face of ha'Yishimon";
ii. If he repents (from his haughtiness), Hash-m raises him - "Every Gai (low place) will be raised".

3) ONE WHO VOWS FROM FRUITS

(a) (Beraisa): One who vows from Dagan is forbidden even dry Egyptian beans; wet are permitted;

1. He is permitted rice, and wheat cut into 2,3, or 4 pieces.

(b) One who vows from fruits of the year is forbidden all fruits that grow in the year; he is permitted goats, sheep, milk, eggs and chicks;

1. If he said 'growth of the year is forbidden to me', he is forbidden to all of them.

(c) One who vows from fruits of the land is forbidden all that grows from the land; he is permitted mushrooms;

1. If he said 'what grows from the ground', he is forbidden to all of them.

(d) Contradiction (Mishnah): The blessing on something which does not grow from the ground is 'sheha'Kol'; and a Beraisa teaches, one blesses sheha'Kol on salt, brine, and mushrooms!
(e) Answer (Abaye): Mushrooms grow from the ground, but they nurture from the air, not from the ground.
(f) Question: But the Mishnah says, the blessing on something which does not grow from the ground is 'sheha'Kol'!
(g) Answer: It means, something that does not nurture from the ground.

(a) (Mishnah): One who vows from clothing is permitted sackcloth, a curtain, and a blanket;

1. If he said 'wool will not come on me', he may cover himself with tufts of wool;
2. If he said 'linen will not come on me', he may cover himself with tufts of flax;
3. R. Yehudah says, it depends on the one that vowed.

i. If he was carrying (wool and linen) and he was sweating and stinking, and said, 'Wool and linen will not come on me' - he may wear them, but he may not carry them on his back.

(b) (Gemara - Beraisa): One who vows from clothing is permitted sackcloth, curtains and blankets; he is forbidden a hollow belt, a belt that goes around the legs, Skortya, a leather overgarment, socks, an apron, pants, and a hat.
(c) Question: What is Iskorti (Skortya)?
(d) Answer (Rabah Bar Bar Chanah): a leather garment.
(e) (Beraisa): One may wear (in a public domain on Shabbos) a thick garment (like sackcloth), a curtain, or a blanket because of rain; but one may not go with box or basket or mattress because of the rain; 1. Shepherds may go in sackcloth;

i. Anyone is allowed; Chachamim spoke in the usual case.

(f) (Mishnah): R. Yehudah says, it goes according to the one that vowed ...
(g) (Beraisa - R. Yehudah): Everything goes according to the one that vowed:

1. If he was suffering because he was wearing wool, and vowed 'Wool will not come upon me' - he may not wear it, but he may carry it;
2. If he was carrying flax and sweating, and said 'Flax will not come upon me', he may wear it, but he may not carry it.