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1) ARE COMMONERS SUSPECTED OF SWITCHING?

(a) (Beraisa - R. Yosi ben ha'Meshulam): A Chaver kneader may not agree to separate Chalah from a commoner's dough in Taharah, but he may knead a dough for him in Taharah and separate Chalah, and put the Chalah in a special vessel that cannot become Tamei;

1. When the commoner comes, he takes the dough and the Chalah - we are not concerned.

(b) A Chaver may not agree to separate Terumah from a commoner's olives in Taharah, but he may harvest his olives for him in Taharah (i.e. in a way that they do not become Huchshar) and separate Terumah; he puts the Terumah in a Chaver's vessel;

1. When the commoner comes, he takes the olives and the Terumah - we are not concerned.

(c) Question: Why are we not concerned?
(d) Answer (R. Yochanan): This is an enactment to support the livelihood of kneaders and olive-pressers.
(e) It is necessary to teach both cases.

1. If we only learned regarding a kneader - we would think, there we are lenient because he receives a small wage, but not by an olive-presser.
2. If we only learned regarding an olive-presser - we would think, there we are lenient because he is not employed frequently, but not by a kneader.

(f) (Beraisa): He puts the Chalah in a special vessel that cannot become Tamei; when the commoner comes, he takes the dough and the Chalah - we are not concerned.
(g) Question: We should be concerned that the commoner will touch the Chalah!
(h) Answer: We tell him that if he touches it, it will revert to Tevel.
(i) Question: We should be concerned that he does not care, and will touch it anyway!
(j) Answer: This commoner hired a Chaver in order to separate Chalah properly - we see that he cares!
(k) (Beraisa): He separates Terumah, and puts it in a Chaver's vessel; when the commoner comes, he takes the olives and the Terumah - we are not concerned.
(l) Question: We should be concerned that he will touch it!

1. We understand regarding the kneader - since he puts it in a special vessel, the commoner will remember not to touch it.
2. Here, there is no reminder!

(m) Answer: He puts it in a vessel of dung, stone or earth (which cannot become Tamei).
(n) Question: If so, why must it be the vessel of a Chaver - it could even be a commoner's vessel!
(o) Answer: That is what it means - a vessel of a commoner which a Chaver can use.

(a) (Mishnah): We support Nochrim working in Shemitah.
(b) Question: But Rav Dimi bar Shishna taught, we may not dig with Nochrim (in Shemitah), and we do not say 'Shalom' to them twice!
(c) Answer: The Mishnah does not mean that we help them - we merely wish them that they should prosper.
(d) (Rav Dimi bar Shishna): We do not say 'Shalom' to them twice.

1. Rav Chisda would greet them first (to avoid having to say 'Shalom' twice).
2. Rav Kahana would say 'Shalom to my master', intending that his Rebbi should be blessed with Shalom.

(e) (Mishnah): We may greet them with 'Shalom'.
(f) Question: If we may wish them prosperity, all the more so we can greet them with 'Shalom'!
(g) Answer (Rav Yevo): The Mishnah teaches, we may even greet them on their holiday.

1. (Beraisa): One may not enter a Nochri's house on his holiday and greet him with 'Shalom'; if one meets a Nochri in the market, he may, but in a serious tone.

(h) Rav Huna and Rav Chisda were sitting; Geneiva passed by. One suggested that they stand for him, for he is learned; the other said that they should not, since he is quarrelsome.

1. Geneiva: Shalom to you kings, Shalom to you kings!
2. Rav Huna and Rav Chisda: From where do we know that Chachamim are called kings?
3. Geneiva: "In me (the Torah), kings will reign".
4. Rav Huna and Rav Chisda: From where do we know that we say 'Shalom' twice to a king?
5. Geneiva: As Rav Yehudah taught - "With you the son of Yishai, Shalom, Shalom."
6. Rav Huna and Rav Chisda: Please taste something.
7. Geneiva: Rav Yehudah taught - one may not eat before feeding his animal;

i. It says "I will give grass in your field for your animals"; then it says "You will eat and be satiated."

3) A MESSENGER TO RECEIVE A GET

(a) (Mishnah): Reuven told Shimon 'Receive this Get for my wife' or 'Take this Get for my wife' (and gave it to him) - Reuven may retract.
(b) If Reuven's wife told Levi 'Receive my Get for me' (and Reuven gave it to him) - Reuven cannot retract.

1. Therefore, if Reuven told Levi 'I don't want you to receive it for her, rather take it and give it to her' (and he gave it to him), he may retract;

(c) R. Shimon ben Gamliel says, even if she said 'Take my Get for me', Reuven cannot retract.
(d) (Gemara - Rav Acha brei d'Rav Avya): In the first case, Reuven can only retract because his wife did not make Shimon a messenger to receive the Get - had she done this, Reuven could not retract (even though he said 'Take').

1. (Inference): When a man says 'Take', it is as if he says 'Acquire (on behalf of)'.
2. Rejection: Really, we can say it is not as if he says 'Acquire' - he can retract even if his wife made Shimon a messenger to receive.

i. The Mishnah needed to teach the case when he says 'Receive this Get for my wife' - one might have thought, since the husband cannot appoint a messenger to receive a Get, even when she receives it, it is invalid;
ii. We hear, this is not so - when he says 'Receive', he means 'Receive and take'.

(e) (Mishnah): If Reuven's wife told Levi 'Receive my Get for me' (and Reuven gave it to him) - Reuven cannot retract.

1. Suggestion: This applies to both cases (above), whether Reuven said 'Receive' or 'Take'.
2. Rejection: No, it only applies to the case when he said 'Receive'.

(f) (Mishnah): Therefore, if Reuven told Levi 'I don't want you to receive it for her, rather take it and give it to her' (and he gave it to him), he may retract;

1. (Inference): This is only because Reuven said 'I don't want' - if not, he could not retract!

i. This teaches that saying 'Take' is as saying 'Receive'!

2. Rejection: Perhaps he said 'Heilach' (here it is) (which connotes, take it as she said).

(g) Clearly, a man can be a messenger to give a Get - he is in place of the husband;

1. Clearly, a woman can be a messenger to receive a Get - she is in place of the wife;

(h) Question: Can a man be a messenger to receive a Get, and can a woman be a messenger to give a Get?
(i) Answer #1 (Mishnah): Reuven told a messenger 'Receive this Get for my wife' or 'Take this Get for my wife' (and gave it to him) - Reuven may retract;

1. If Reuven's wife told a messenger 'Receive my Get for me' (and Reuven gave it to him) - Reuven cannot retract.
2. Suggestion: The same person can be a messenger in both cases - we see, a messenger to give a Get can receive a Get.

(j) Rejection: No - they must be different people (since only a man can give a Get, only a woman can receive it).
(k) Answer #2 (Mishnah): Therefore, if Reuven told the messenger 'I don't want you to receive it for her, rather take it and give it to her' (and he gave it to the messenger), he may retract.

1. This shows that one person could be a messenger for either.
2. At least we will say that a man can be a messenger for either, since a father can receive his daughter's Get when she is a minor.
3. The question remains - can a woman be a messenger to give a Get?

(l) Answer #3 (Rav Mari - Mishnah): Even those female relatives of Leah that are not believed to say that Leah's husband died, they are believed to bring her Get.

1. There, the women are messengers to give the Get!

(m) Answer #4 (Rav Ashi): We can also learn this from the end of the Mishnah.

1. (Mishnah): A woman may bring her own Get - she must say 'It was written and signed in front of me'.
2. The case is, she is a messenger to give her own Get.