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1)

(a) Rav Ada bar Ahavah asked that K'lei Cheres should become Tamei from the outside from a 'Kal va'Chomer' from other Keilim.
Which 'Kal va'Chomer'?

(b) What do we learn from the Pasuk in Shemini (in connection with other Keilim) "ve'Chol Asher Yipol *Alav*"?

(c) How do we counter the current Kashya from the Pasuk there "ve'Chol K'li Pasu'ach Asher Ein Tzamid Pasil Alav Tamei Hu"? Given that it is speaking about a K'li Cheres, what do we extrapolate from it?

(a) What do we extrapolate from "Tocho" (in connection with a K'li Cheres)?

(b) But did we not use "Tocho" for the 'Gezeirah-Shavah' of Rebbi Yonasan ben Avtulmus ('Tocho Letamei ve'Tocho Litamei')?

(c) What do we mean when we say that there are four "Tocho"?

(a) We have just explained two of the "Tochos".
Given that we need one "Tocho" itself, what do we learn from the fourth one?

(b) What does this mean? How tall is the middle K'li?

(a) We conclude 'va'Afilu K'li Shetef Matzil'.
What is 'K'li Shetef'?

(b) Why might we have thought that a K'li Shetef does not prevent the food that it contains from becoming Tamei?

(c) In that case, what makes this case different? On what grounds does the vessel itself not become Tamei, and why does it protect the food inside it?

(a) Finally, we ask why K'lei Shetef become Tamei from the outside.
Why should they not?

(b) How do we answer the Kashya, based on the Pasuk "ve'Chol K'li Pasu'ach ... Tamei *Hu*"?

(a) How does the Beraisa establish our Mishnah 'Tahor bi'Chelei Eitz, Tamei bi'Chelei Matchos'?

(b) What is the source for ...

1. ... the ruling regarding 'PeshuteiK'lei Eitz'?
2. ... the Tum'ah of K'lei Matchos?

(c) The Beraisa establishes 'Tahor bi'Chelei Matchos, Tamei bi'Chelei Eitz' by Gulmei Keilim.
What are 'Gulmei Keilim'?

(a) What does the Beraisa say about ...

1. ... a wooden vessel that still requires smoothening with a plane, ornamental pins to be added, round grooves to be pressed into it, or sand papering?
2. ... a wooden vessel that still requires a base, a rim or a handle?

(b) The one exception which the Tana lists that is Tahor, is a wooden vessel that requires scratching out a hollow to be used as a receptacle.
What problem do we have with this?

(c) We answer 'de'Chak Kepiza be'Kaba'.
What does this mean? How does it answer the Kashya?

8)

(a) The Beraisa lists four similar Gulmei K'lei Mat'chos as it did regarding Gulmei K'li Eitz, but adds a metal vessel that needs to be flattened with a hammer.
If 'La'shuf' means to smoothen metal vessels with a lamina, what does 'Legarer' mean?

(b) The Tana exchanges 'Lekarkov' (to press round grooves into it) for 'Lekarker'.
What does 'Lekarker' mean?

(c) These five Gulmei K'lei Mat'chos are Tahor.
What does the Tana say about a metal vessel that still requires ...

1. ... a base, a rim or a handle?
2. ... a lid?

(a) What is the reason for the previous ruling?

(b) Rebbi Yochanan ascribes the Tana's general leniency regarding Gulmei K'lei Mat'chos to the fact that metal vessels are made for Kavod (as was the case in those days). Consequently, until they were completely finished, they could not be sold, and did not serve their purpose.
What does Rav Nachman say?

(c) What are the ramifications of their Machlokes? Which kind of vessel are valuable but not made for Kavod?

(d) Rav Nachman follows his reasoning elsewhere.
What statement did Rav Nachman make regarding bone vessels?

(a) What does Rebbi Yishmael b'no shel Rebbi Yochanan ben Berokah learn from the Pasuk in Matos "ve'Chol *Ma'aseh Izim* Tischat'u"? What does this come to include?

(b) What does he learn from "ve'Chol"?

(c) Then why does the Pasuk mention "Izim"?

(a) Our Mishnah discusses which almonds are Chayav and which are Patur. Chayav and Patur from what?

(b) The Beraisa establishes our Mishnah 'ha'Chayav bi'Shekeidim ha'Marim Patur bi'Mesukim' by small almonds (that are not fully-grown).
How does the Tana establish the Seifa 'ha'Chayav bi'Shekeidim ha'Mesukim Patur be'Marim'?

(c) If the Tana's reason by sweet almonds is because people tend to wait until they are ripe before picking them, what is his reason by bitter ones?

(d) According to Rebbi Yishmael b'Rebbi Yossi in the name of his father, small almonds are always Patur from Ma'asros.
What do others say?

(e) According to the latter opinion, what use do fully-grown bitter almonds have?

(a) Our Mishnah discusses Temed.
What is 'Temed'?

(b) The Tana rules that until Temed ferments, it cannot be purchased with money of Ma'aser Sheini (in connection with which the Torah mentions wine)
What does he say about invalidating a Mikvah, which does not yet contain (the Shi'ur Mikveh of) forty Sa'ah, if three Lugin should fall into one?

(c) What is the reason for these rulings?

(d) And what does the Tana say about the same Temed once it has fermented?

(e) What is the connection between the previous Mishnahs on the one hand, and the current and ensuing ones on the other?

(a) When giving one's half-Shekel, everyone had to give a Kalbon.
What is a Kalbon?

(b) How many Kalbonos did two brothers who had divided their father's inheritance and then formed a partnership have to give if they gave a full Shekel between them?

(c) Which kind of partners gave only *one* Kalbon? What is 'Tefusas ha'Bayis'?

(d) As far as Ma'aser Beheimah is concerned, says the Tana, this distinction between the two kinds of partners works in reverse.
How would that work?

(a) The Tana Kama in a Beraisa rules that someone who makes Temed, and finds exactly as much juice as the water that he added, is Patur from Ma'asros.
What does Rebbi Yehudah say?

(b) What makes us think that our Mishnah goes like neither Tana?

(c) Rav Nachman Amar Rabah bar Avuhah answers that the Tanaim are arguing over Temed that turned sour.
Who is then the author of our Mishnah?

(d) Why does Rav Nachman not establish the Machlokes by Temed that did not turn sour, in order to establish our Mishnah like the Rabbanan?

1. ... that did not ferment?
2. ... that fermented, but which contains more juice than the water that one added, according to the Chachamim?

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