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1)

(a) The Mishnah in Terumos lists three liquids that are forbidden because of Giluy - water, wine and milk.

(b) The Tana gives the time period in which they become forbidden as the time it takes for a poisonous snake to come from close by and drink. Rebbi Yitzchak b'rei de'Rav Yehudah defines 'from close by' as - from the ground directly beneath the handle of the jar containing the liquid.

(c) We amend the Beraisa by adding 'Ve'yachzor le'Choro' - because otherwise, he would have seen the snake returning to its pit underneath the jar, and that, if he didn't, there cannot have been one (see also Tosfos DH 'Ve'yishteh').

(a) If, after Shechting and breaking bones all day with the same knife, it is found to be defected, Rav Huna invalidates the Shechitah - because he suspects that it became defected right at the start, on the skin of the animal's neck as he performed the Shechitah.

(b) Rav Chisda - declares the animal to he Kasher, because it is more likely to have become defected when breaking bones than when cutting skin.

(c) When we say that Rav Huna follows his own reasoning, we are referring to - the principle that he cited earlier, that an animal has a Chezkas Isur, until we know that it has been properly Shechted.

(d) Rav Chisda counters this with the argument - that bones will definitely cause the knife to be come defected, whilst skin is only a Safek, and we have a principle 'Ein Safek Motzi mi'Yedei Vaday' (which overrides the Chezkas Isur).

(a) Rava cites a Beraisa in support of Rav Huna. The Beraisa rules that if someone Tovels and, at the end of the day, discovers a Chatzitzah consisting of a species with which he was working all day - his Tevilah is not counted.

(b) We reject out of hand, the counter-argument that the case of Tevilah and that of Shechitah are not comparable, because ...

1. ... the Tamei person has a Chazakah that he has not Toveled - because, then by the same token, we should place the animal on its Chazakah and say that it has not been Shechted.
2. ... 'Harei Shechutah Lefanecha', because then we should also say - 'Harei Taval Lefanecha'.
3. ... that a 'Re'usa' occurred (in connection with the Tevilah) - because so too, did a 'Re'usa occur with the Shechitah.

(c) Rav Chisda nevertheless counters Rav Huna using this last argument - because, he claims, the Re'usa is in the knife, whereas the Chazakah is in the animal.

(a) The Shechitah of a bird entails - cutting one of the two pipes (which we will now explain).

(b) The Beraisa rules that after Shechting the Veshet (the esophagus [i.e. the food pipe]), the Gargeres (the trachea [i.e. the wind-pipe]) slips from its place - the Shechitah is Kasher.

(c) The Tana give this example, and not vice-versa (where he Shechted the Gargeres first, before the Veshet slipped from its place), not because there is any difference between the two cases, but - because it is common for the esophagus to slip.

(d) In a case where the Gargeres slipped ...

1. ... before he Shechted the Veshet - the Tana declares the Shechitah Pasul.
2. ... but they do not know whether it slipped before or after the Shechitah of the Veshet - the Tana rules 'Kol Safek bi'Shechitah Pasul'.

(a) This Lashon however, is a 'Ribuy' - which we initially comes to include a case of a Safek that occurs in the knife (a Kashya on Rav Chisda).

(b) We refute the Kashya however - by establishing the 'Ribuy' by 'Safek Shahah, Safek Daras' ...

(c) ... which the Tana prefers to include rather than the, according to Rav Chisda - because it constitutes a Re'usa in the animal itself (as we explained earlier).

6)

(a) We rule ...

1. ... like Rav Huna - when the Shochet did not break bones after the Shechitah.
2. ... like Rav Chisda - when he did.

(b) Rav Chisda renders the Shechitah Kasher even if the Shochet did not cut bones after the Shechitah - because he considers the neck-bone (which one cuts after the Shechitah) to be more likely to have caused the defect than the skin (which one cuts before it).

(a) There was a case where, after a Shochet had Shechted thirteen animals, Rav Yosef declared them Tereifah - because after the thirteenth animal, the Shochet discovered that his knife, which he had failed to inspect after each Shechitah, was defective.

(b) When we ...

1. ... suggest that Rav Yosef follows the opinion of Rav Huna, we mean - that Rav Yosef declared even the first animal Tereifah.
2. ... counter that he might even hold like Rav Chisda, we mean - that it was only the last twelve that he declared Tereifah, but not the first one.
3. ... conclude that he must hold like Rav Huna after all, because Rav Chisda would have permitted all the animals, right down to the last one - because (bearing in mind that in his opinion, the neckbone will not cause the knife to become defected by contact with the neckbone any moe than the skin of the neck), his reason must be 'Talinan' (we rely on the latter). In that case, he will go even further and always rely on the last possibility, namely, that the knife became defected on the neck-bone of the last animal.

(a) Rav Acha b'rei de'Rava told Rav Ashi that Rav Kahana required the knife to be inspected after each Shechitah. When we ...

1. ... suggest that he follows the opinion of Rav Huna, we mean - that if he does not, then should he subsequently find the knife to be defectice, all the animals that he Shechted will be declared Tereifah, including the first one.
2. ... counter that he might even hold like Rav Chisda, we mean - that they will all be Tereifah, except for the first one.

(b) Even though we just concluded that according to Rav Chisda, we ascribe the defect to the neck-bone of the last animal - we do not accept that opinion (as it is carrying things a bit too far).

(c) In spite of what we have just said, Rav Kahana really holds - that as long as the Shochet has not used the knife to break bones, even the first animal is Tereifah, like Rav Huna (as we ruled above).

(a) This prompts to ask why the Shochet is not obligated to give his knife to a Chacham for inspection, following the Shechitah of each animal. We only ask it (at this point), on Rav Chisda - according to whom the purpose of inspecting the knife is to permit the hochet to Shecht the next animal, but not on Rav Huna, who requires the inspection to permit the animal that has already been Shechted (and which is permitted due a Chazakah).

(b) We answer - with the principle 'Eid Echad Ne'eman be'Isurin' (that a person is believed on his own in matters of Isur, and does not require witnesses to substantiate that he did the right thing) ...

(c) and the Pasuk "al-Pi Shenayim Eidim Yakum Davar" - applies to matters pertaining to Mamon, Nashim and and punishments at the hand of Beis-Din.

(d) The Shochet's obligation to show the Chacham his knife before he begins to Shecht is - basically a matter of Kavod Chacham (and not to verify its Kashrus).

(a) Rebbi Shmuel bar Nachmeni Amar Rebbi Yonasan learns from the Pasuk (in connection with Tzara'as Batim) "Ve'yatza ha'Kohen min ha'Bayis el Pesach ha'Bayis, Ve'hisgir es ha'Bayis Shiv'as Yamim" - the principle of Chazakah (that we assume something to be as it was, until a change can be proved).

(b) Rav Acha bar Ya'akov refutes the proof on the grounds that the Pasuk might expect the Kohen - to exit the house walking backwards (to ensure that he sees the mark on the wall right up to the time that he pronounces it Tamei).

(c) Abaye disagrees with Rav Acha bar Ya'akov on two scores. One of them is the fact that walking out backwards will not fulfill the requirement of "Ve'yatza min ha'Bayis". The other is - that even if it were, it would not enable him to see a mark behind the door, should it be located there.

(d) He also objects to the suggestion that one could open a window through which the Kohen could ensure that the Tzara'as is still intact and has not diminished to less than the minimum Shi'ur - on the basis of the Mishnah in Nega'im, which declares a house Tahor if the Kohen requires a window to examine the stricken wall.

(a) Rava proves from the 'Yetzi'ah' of the Kohen Gadol from the Kodesh Kodshim on Yom Kipur - that exiting backwards is considered 'Yetzi'ah', since that is the way the Mishnah in Yoma describes the way the Kohen Gadol exited the Kodesh Kodshim then (a refutation of Abaye's first objection).

(b) And he counters Abaye's second objection (regarding opening a window in the door) - by restriction the Torah's prohibition to before the Kohen has actually seen the mark, but once he has, it doesn't matter how he goes on to establish the sighting.

(c) The Beraisa learns from the Pasuk ...

1. ... "Ve'yatza ha'Kohen el Pesach ha'Bayis"? - that the Kohen cannot go home and declare the house that he just saw, Tamei, but that he must do so from the entrance of the stricken house.
2. ... "min ha'Bayis" - that he must leave the house completely before declaring it Tamei (and not do so whilst still standing under the lintel.
3. ... "Ve'hisgir es ha'Bayis" - that Bedi'eved, the house will be Tamei, even if he declares it Tamei after arriving at his own house.

(d) Rav Acha reconciles his opinion with this Beraisa - by establishing this last D'rashah when one man is standing on the threshold of the stricken house who ascertains that the mark has not diminished, and a row of people leading from it to the Kohen's house (see Tosfos DH 'de'Kaymi', pass on the information to the Kohen.