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1) WHICH MEAT IS FORBIDDEN WITH MILK?

(a) (Mishnah): It is forbidden to cook any kind of meat with milk, except for meat of fish and grasshoppers;
(b) Cheese may not be brought on the same table with any kind of meat, except for meat of fish and grasshoppers.
(c) One who vows not to eat meat is permitted to eat meat of fish and grasshoppers.
(d) (Gemara) Question: Our Mishnah holds that mid'Oraisa, fowl may not be cooked with milk - who is the Tana?
(e) Answer: It is not R. Akiva, for he holds that the Isur of Chayos or birds with milk is only mid'Rabanan.
(f) Question: But the Seifa says, one who vows not to eat meat is permitted meat of fish and grasshoppers - implying, he is forbidden to eat fowl - this is like R. Akiva, who says that anything a messenger would ask about is considered the same species!

1. (Mishnah): If one vowed not to eat Yerek (this word connotes certain species of vegetables), he may eat pumpkin;
2. R. Akiva forbids him.

i. Chachamim: If a messenger was sent to get Yerek (and didn't find any), he would say, I only found pumpkin (this shows that pumpkin is not considered Yerek!)
ii. R. Akiva: To the contrary! He would not respond, I only found Kitnis (legumes (e.g. peas) because Kitnis is not considered Yerek at all, but pumpkin is)!

3. Summation of question: Is the Reisha Chachamim, and the Seifa R. Akiva?!

(g) Answer #1 (Rav Yosef): The Mishnah is like Rebbi; he holds like R. Akiva regarding vows, and like Chachamim regarding meat and milk.
(h) Answer #2 (Rav Ashi): The whole Mishnah is like R. Akiva;

1. The Reisha means, it is forbidden to cook any kind of meat with milk - some kinds are forbidden mid'Oraisa, others, mid'Rabanan;

i. Only meat of fish and grasshoppers is permitted even mid'Rabanan.

(a) (Mishnah): Cheese may not be brought...
(b) Inference (Rav Yosef): This shows that (eating) fowl (cooked with) milk is forbidden mid'Oraisa - if it was only a Rabbinic decree, we would not forbid putting them on the same table, that would be a decree to guard a decree!

1. Question: How do we know that we do not enact a decree to guard a decree?
2. Answer (Rav Yosef - Mishnah): A Zar (non-Kohen) may eat at the same table with a Kohen eating Chalah of Chutz la'Aretz (which is only a Rabbinic decree); such Chalah may be given to any Kohen (even an ignoramus);

3. Question (Abaye): That would be a proof if the Mishnah discussed Chalah of Chutz la'Aretz *in Eretz Yisrael*, where there is reason to decree, lest mid'Oraisa Chalah (of Eretz Yisrael) be eaten by a Zar or a Tamei ignoramus Kohen;

i. The only reason not to decree would be that we do not make a decree to guard a decree.
ii. In Chutz la'Aretz, there is no concern for any Torah Isur (regarding Chalah), there is no need to decree!
iii. But regarding meat and milk, if we allow fowl and milk on the same table, one may come to put meat and milk on the same table, and eat them together!

(c) Question (Rav Sheshes): Even if the Torah forbids fowl *cooked* with milk, not putting them on the same table is a decree to guard a decree - the Torah does not forbid eating them together cold!
(d) Answer (Abaye): We should decree, lest they be put together in a hot pan.
(e) Question: Even so, a Kli Sheni (it was not on the fire, but food from a pot on the fire was put in it) cannot cook (the meat and milk)!
(f) Answer: The decree is, lest they be put in a Kli Rishon (it was on the fire, such pans can cook).

(a) (Mishnah - Beis Shamai): Fowl may be put on the same table as cheese, but they may not be eaten together;

1. Beis Hillel say, they may not be put on the same table nor eaten together.
2. R. Yosi says, this is a law in which Beis Shamai are lenient and Beis Hillel are stringent.

(b) They discuss the table on which one eats, but all permit putting them side by side on a table on which one arranges the courses.
(c) (Gemara) Question: Also the first Tana says that Beis Shamai are more lenient (just like R. Yosi)!

1. Suggestion: Perhaps they argue about eating - the first Tana says that all forbid eating them together, and R. Yosi says that Beis Shamai permit eating them together.
2. Rejection (Beraisa - R. Yosi): In six laws, Beis Shamai are lenient and Beis Hillel are stringent - one is, Beis Shamai permit putting fowl and cheese on the same table, but they may not be eaten together;

i. Beis Hillel say, they may not be put on the same table nor eaten together.

(d) Answer: Indeed, the Mishnah teaches that the first Tana is R. Yosi!

1. "Esther told the king in Mordechai's name" - whoever says something in the name of its originator brings redemption to the world.