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1) PROBLEMS IN THE LUNGS

(a) (Rava): If two adjacent scabs are found, it does not help to check.

1. If one scab appears like two, we puncture one side of it. If the pus moves from one side to the other, this shows that it is a single scab, it is Kosher;
2. If not, it is two scabs, it is Tereifah.

(b) (Rava): There are five chambers in the lungs - three on the right, two on the left.

1. If there are fewer or more than this, or if they are out of place, it is Tereifah.

(c) An animal with an extra chamber was brought before Mereimar; he ruled that it is Kosher.

1. Rav Acha told the owner to ask Mereimar to look again.
2. Mareimar: The Halachah is not like Rava regarding an extra chamber.

i. This is only if the extra chamber is in line with the others; if not, it is Tereifah.

(d) An animal with an extra chamber (not in line with the others) was brought before Rav Ashi; he was about to rule that it is Tereifah.

1. Rav Huna bar Mar Avya: All healthy (alternatively - self-grazing) animals have this; butchers call it the rose (colored) mini-chamber.

i. This is only if the extra chamber is inside the others - if it is outside, even if it is no bigger than a myrtle leaf it is Tereifah.

2) THE APPEARANCE OF THE LUNGS

(a) (Rafram): If the lungs resemble spliced wood, it is Tereifah.

1. Version #1: This means, their color is like wood.
2. Version #2: This means, they feel like wood.
3. Version #3: This means, they are white like wood when inflated.
4. Version #4: This means, they are hard like wood.
5. Version #5: This means, they are smooth like wood, the chambers are not delineated.

(b) (Rava): If the lungs are blue, it is Kosher; if they are black, it is Tereifah.

1. (R. Chanina): Black was originally red, it was stricken.

(c) From R. Noson we learn that red and green are Kosher.

1. (Beraisa - R. Noson): I met two women, each had lost two sons through circumcision. The third baby of one of them was red, the other's third baby was green. I counseled them to postpone the circumcision until the blood was absorbed; both babies survived the circumcision.

(d) (Rav Kahana): If the lungs are like (the color of) a liver, it is Kosher; if they are like flesh, it is Tereifah.
(e) (Rav Sama brei d'Rava): If the Lungs are like hops, saffron or an egg, it is Tereifah.
(f) Question: If so, what is the case of green that is Kosher?
(g) Answer: If they are green like leeks, it is Kosher.
(h) (Ravina): If part of the lungs is stopped up, one cuts them:

1. If pus comes out - surely, this was clogging them, the animal is Kosher;
2. If not, one puts a feather or spit on the clogged area. If it moves when one blows through the lungs, it is Kosher; if not, it is Tereifah.

(a) (Rav Yosef): A scab over a wound in the lungs is of no significance (since it will break), the animal is Tereifah.
(b) (Rav Yosef): If when one blows into the lungs, it sounds like air is escaping, he must check it.

1. If he knows where the sound comes from - he puts a feather, piece if straw or some spit there. If there really is a hole, they will move when he blows.
2. If he does not know where the sound comes from - he puts the lungs in a basin of lukewarm water and blows into the lungs.

i. Hot water may not be used - this would constrict the hole.
ii. Cold water should not be used - this could tear the outer membrane.

3. If this makes bubbles, there is a hole, it is Tereifah;

i. If there are no bubbles, the noise was due to a tear in the lower membrane alone, it is Kosher.

(c) (Ula): If the inside of the lungs pours like water, it is Kosher.

1. He must hold that an internal Chisaron (something missing) in the lungs (that allows the contents to flow from one side to the other) does not make it Tereifah.

(d) Question (R. Aba - Mishnah): If the lungs were punctured or Chaserim (it is Tereifah).

1. Question: What is the case of Chaserim?

i. Suggestion: If they are Chaserim on the outside, they are punctured!

2. Answer: Rather, there is an internal Chisaron.

(e) Answer: Really, the Chisaron extends to the outside; R. Shimon taught this clause, he says that a punctured lung is Tereifah only if the hole extends to the main branch.

1. This is only if flesh of the lung is not missing; if flesh is missing, he agrees that it need not extend to the main branch.

(f) R. Chananyah ruled that if the inside of the lungs pours like water, it is Kosher.

1. (Rava): This is only if the branches are intact.
2. Question: (Rav Acha brei d'Rava): How can one know that all the branches are intact?
3. Answer (Rav Ashi): One pours out the insides onto a lead-glazed bowl. If one sees white dots, branches were dissolved; if not, all are intact.

(g) (Rav Nachman): If some of the interior of the lungs is missing but the membrane is intact, it is Kosher.

1. Support (Beraisa): If some of the interior of the lungs is missing but the membrane is intact, even if a Revi'is is missing, it is Kosher;
2. If the womb was removed, it is Kosher;
3. The Sanhedrin in Yavneh ruled that if the liver is wormy, it is Kosher.