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Bava Basra, 26
BAVA BASRA 26 - dedicated by Mr. N. Brown, a devotee of the Torah who is Mekadesh
Shem Shamayim in Rechavya, Yerushalayim. May the Torah always protect and uplift his
entire family!
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1) THE HALACHAH OF "GIREI DILEI"
OPINIONS: The Gemara (25b) rules in accordance with the view of Rebbi Yosi, who
states that a person is permitted to plant a tree inside his property next to his
neighbor's Bor. The only case in which Rebbi Yosi prohibits doing a potentially
damaging action in one's own domain is when the action involves "Girei Dilei" (lit.
"his arrows") which directly cause damage to the neighbor's property.
If the Halachah follows the view of Rebbi Yosi, then does this mean that we do not
rule in accordance with the Mishnah earlier (17a), which states that a person must
distance his Bor and other potentially damaging agents, such as a water channel (Amas
ha'Mayim), olive residue (Gefes), or seeds (Zer'aim)? That Mishnah does not seem to
be following the view of Rebbi Yosi, since those objects are not "Girei Dilei."
In the case of a person who digs a Bor next to his neighbor's property, the Gemara
(17b) says clearly, according to Rava, that it is considered "Girei Dilei," because
by pounding the earth with the shovel while he digs he is weakening the earth of his
neighbor's land. What, though, is the Halachah regarding the other damaging agents,
which do not involved striking the ground with a shovel?
In addition, if a person does cause damage to his neighbor's property in a manner
which is "Girei Dilei," is he obligated to pay for the damage or not (see Insights to
17:3)?
(a) RASHI (22b, DH Leima) writes that "many of the rulings of the Mishnah" follow the
opinion of the Rabanan (who argue with Rebbi Yosi). Rashi seems to be referring to
the cases in the Mishnah (17a), except for digging a Bor (which the Gemara calls
"Girei Dilei," as we mentioned above).
Rashi in a number of places defines "Girei Dilei" as "arrows that damage while coming
directly from the body of the person doing the damage" (22b, DH b'Girei; 25b, DH
b'Girei; Bava Metzia 117a, DH Modi). According to this explanation, an act can be
considered "Girei Dilei" only when the damage occurs immediately, and, therefore, all
of the cases in the Mishnah do not qualify as "Girei Dilei" and the Mishnah must be
following the opinion of the Rabanan.
With regard to the obligation to pay for damages, since Rashi defines "Girei Dilei"
as arrows coming from the person who is damaging, it seems that Rashi equates a case
of "Girei Dilei" with actually shooting an arrow -- in which case the person is "Adam
ha'Mazik" and is Chayav to pay. If the damage was done in a manner which is only a
"Gerama" (such as the case on 22b, where the person merely places the marten in a
position that readied it to do damage), then obviously he would be exempt from paying
for the damage.
(b) TOSFOS (22b, DH Leima) cites RABEINU CHANANEL who writes that the Mishnah earlier
(17a) indeed follows the opinion of Rebbi Yosi. He explains "Girei Dilei" to mean
that the process of the damage begins at the time that the person does his act (even
though the full damage does not occur until later).
(This is also the opinion of the RIF, the GE'ONIM, and RABEINU YONAH (18b).)
According to Tosfos, if the damage does not begin immediately, then it cannot be
considered "Girei Dilei." This is why Tosfos (17b, DH Marchikin, and 18a, DH Deika)
writes that Rebbi Yosi would permit -- even according to Rava -- placing Gefes or
Melach (salt) near the border of one's property before the neighbor builds a wall in
his own property. Rava only prohibited doing so according to the Rabanan who argue
with Rebbi Yosi.
The Rishonim ask why planting Zera'im next to a neighbor's property should be
considered "Girei Dilei" according to this opinion. The damage that they cause occurs
only when their roots grow and soften the dirt and thereby weaken the base of the
wall (as the Gemara on 19b says). RABEINU YONAH answers that the damage is not from
the growth of the roots, but rather it results from the nourishment that the Zera'im
draw from the land which thereby weakens the earth. This damage begins immediately
when the seeds are planted.
The RAMBAN cites this explanation and asks that the answer does not suffice, because
even the nourishment that the roots draw from the ground does not begin
immediately.
(c) The RAMBAN (17b, and in end of Kuntrus Dina d'Garmi) writes that whenever the
damage results directly from the action that the person performed, it is called
"Girei Dilei," even if the damage does not start until a later time. This is how he
explains why the Zera'im are also considered "Girei Dilei" even though they start to
soften the ground only after they are planted. Similarly, "Girei Dilei" prohibits one
from placing Gefes or Melach near the border of one's property even before the
neighbor builds a wall on his side of the border, since the damage to the wall will
result from the Gefes having been placed in this location.
The only case that is not a case of "Girei Dilei," according to the Ramban, is the
case of a tree planted next to a neighbor's field. This is because the damage that
the tree causes does not come from the tree itself, but rather it comes from the
roots, and the roots were not planted by the owner in a place in which they could
cause damage.
With regard to the obligation to pay for damages, the RA'AVAD (cited by the Ramban
and the Shitah Mekubetzes here) rules that one is exempt from payment, because all of
the damages of "Girei Dilei" are considered to be "Gerama," as the Gemara states in
the case of the marten. However, the Ramban himself compares the cases of "Girei
Dilei" -- such as placing a water pit near a neighbor's wall -- to placing a piece of
coal on another person's clothing which slowly destroys the clothing. In the case of
a coal, it is obvious that the owner will be Chayav. The same applies in the cases of
"Girei Dilei." He provides support for this from the fact that the Gemara describes
the damage as "Girei," meaning "his arrows," for which a person is Chayav to pay, as
we mentioned according to Rashi.
2) DAMAGE CAUSED BY SHAKING FLAX
QUESTION: The Gemara relates a case in which certain people were shaking flax in
order to remove the chaff, and the chaff was damaging other people. Ravina ruled that
they are permitted to shake the flax, and it is the obligation of the bystanders to
distance themselves from being harmed.
Mereimar argued with Ravina's ruling and said that it is prohibited to shake the flax
if it damages others, because it is his action that is causing the chaff to fly off,
just like one who winnows on Shabbos is Chayav for the act of separating the chaff
from the grain.
The Gemara questions Ravina's ruling and asks why this case should be different than
a spark that flies out due to a hammer-blow and causes damage, for which the person
hammering is Chayav because of "Esh." The Gemara answers that the difference is that
the person hammering wants the spark to fly out (so that it not ignite his house,
-Rashi), whereas the person shaking the flax does not want the chaff to fly
outwards.
Why should shaking the flax not be considered an act of Esh, for which the person
should be Chayav just like a person who places a stone in a place where the wind can
blow it down is Chayav for damages because of Esh? The person who places the stone
there, or the person who lights a fire, does not want the stone to fall or the fire
to spread, and yet he is Chayav for damages! (TOSFOS)
Similarly, when a person is cutting wood and a piece of the log flies out and causes
damage, he is Chayav for damages (because of "Kocho" and "Adam ha'Mazik"), because
his action caused the damage, even though he wants the wood to remain where it is so
that he can use it. (RAMBAN in Kuntrus Dina d'Garmi)
ANSWERS:
(a) TOSFOS (DH Zika) explains that a person is Chayav for Esh only when he lights the
fire by himself. If the fire is lit only with the help of the wind, then he is not
Chayav for Esh according to Ravina
How does this explain why a person is Chayav for leaving a stone in a place where the
wind will blow it? The stone fell down and caused damage only with the help of the
wind!
The MAHARSHA explains that the owner of the stone accomplished what he intended to do
by placing the stone where he left it. Therefore, he is comparable to a person who
made a fire entirely by himself. However, in the case of the flax (and in the case of
a person winnowing), the person shaking the flax had no intention to leave the chaff
in the air, but rather he intended that it fall to the ground where it can no longer
be blown away by the wind. Since he did not accomplish his goal with the chaff before
the chaff was blown away and caused damage, it is not comparable to Esh. This also
seems to be the intention of the RAMBAN (in Kuntrus Dina d'Garmi).
(b) The TOSFOS RID writes that the damage caused by the chaff indeed is considered
Esh. Nevertheless, Ravina exempts a person from paying for damages caused by his fire
when the people who were damaged were aware of the fire and were able to protect
themselves. Therefore, if a person places a stone atop his roof next to his
neighbor's property in a place where his neighbor certainly sees it, then it is his
neighbor's obligation to move away his objects so that they will not be damaged if
the rock falls (according to Rebbi Yosi, who maintains that it is the Nizak's
obligation to protect himself). The Torah obligates a person for damages caused by
his fire (or stone) only when the person who was damaged was innocently walking
through Reshus ha'Rabim and was not aware of the fire or the stone such that he could
protect himself from it, or when a neighbor was not home (when a fire was lit in the
adjacent property), or when it was impossible for him to protect his grain from the
approaching fire.
A possible source for the logic of the Tosfos Rid may be found in the Halachah that
one who digs a pit is exempt from damages caused to a person who falls into the pit.
According to Rashi (Bava Kama 5b, DH v'Chulu; see also Tosfos, Bava Kama 5b, DH Ki,
and Insights there, and see MESHECH CHOCHMAH, Parshas Mishpatim), the reason for this
Halachah is that the person (the Nizak) should have been cautious and avoided the pit
(even when the pit is in Reshus ha'Rabim).
The same reasoning may apply to damages caused by one's Shor. A person is exempt from
damages of Shen and Regel in Reshus ha'Rabim, because the people in Reshus ha'Rabim
should expect the Shor to cause such damage and thus they should protect themselves
from it. However, one is Chayav for damages done in Reshus ha'Rabim by his Shor
ha'Mu'ad (through Keren), because people do not know that the Shor is prone to cause
damage in such a manner, since they do not know that the Shor is a Mu'ad. (The reason
why the owner of a Shor Tam pays Chatzi Nezek is because of a Kenas.)
(c) The RAMAH (#107) explains, like the Tosfos Rid, that damage caused by the chaff
is comparable to damage caused by Esh. However, he explains that according to Ravina
a person is only Chayav for damages caused by a fire ignited in his domain when he
wanted the fire to spread, or when the fire spread by itself without the assistance
of the wind. When he lights the fire *outside* of his domain, he is *always*
obligated to pay for damages, because Rebbi Yosi exempts a person only when he was
acting in his own domain.
26b
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