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1) [line 1] B'EMES AMRU - (lit. in truth they said) it is an accepted Halachah. (According to the Yerushalmi (Shabbos 1:3), "b'Emes Amru" translates as "it is a Halachah l'Moshe mi'Sinai." From the Rambam's introduction to Perush ha'Mishnayos, though, it may be inferred that this is true only when "b'Emes Amru" is stated in a Mishnah (as in our Mishnah), but not when it is mentioned in a Beraisa. Rashi to Sukah 38a DH b'Emes Amru applies the Yerushalmi's translation even to a "b'Emes Amru" that is mentioned in a Beraisa. Accordingly, it could mean "it is *as clear as* a Halachah l'Moshe mi'Sinai" - see MAHARATZ CHAYUS to Beitzah 17a.) See below, entry #11.
2a) [line 2] KASHEH - (lit. hard) strong wine 11) [line 16] HALACHAH HI - (a) it is an accepted and unquestioned Halachah (RASHI); (b) it is a Halachah l'Moshe mi'Sinai (Yerushalmi Shabbos 1:3, RABEINU CHANANEL and RAMBAM in his Introduction to Peirush ha'Mishnayos); (c) it is a Halachah d'Rabanan which is accepted as if it were a Halachah l'Moshe mi'Sinai (the Rash's explanation of the Yerushalmi Terumos 2:1) 12) [line 18] BEIN HA'GITOS SHANU - during the wine-pressing season (when the wine has not yet fermented)
13a) [line 26] SHEL EMESH - [the wine] of yesterday
14) [line 28] HA'SHOFEH YAYIN - one who pours wine
19) [line 36] KELAYOS - roasted kernels
23) [line 39] EIN MEFARKESIN - we may not beautify
26) [line 1] KA MARVACH L'SAR'A - he thereby benefits the market price (by causing others to lower their prices) 27) [line 5] EIN MESHARVETIN ES HA'BEHEMAH - we may not straighten [the hairs of] an animal (to make it look fatter than it really is) 28) [line 6] EIN NOFCHIN BI'KERAVAYIM - we may not bloat (by blowing into) the intestines (to make them look larger than they really are, when they are being sold in the slaughterhouse) 29) [line 7] EIN SHORIN ES HA'BASAR B'MAYIM - we may not soak meat in water (to whiten it, making it look like fat meat)
30) [line 8] MAYA D'CHIZRA - bran water (which bloats the animal) 32) [line 9] SHMUEL SHARA L'MIRMA TUMEI L'SARBELA - Shmuel permitted one to place fringes (O.F. frenjes) on a coat 33) [line 10] L'CHASKUSEI KARMEI - (O.F. enpeser) to rub fine clothing [with bran water -- RASHI] in order to starch it 34) [line 11] L'MEIDAK TZERADEI - to beat canvas (hemp) apparel (so that their fibers appear finer)
35) [line 11] LITZLUMEI GIREI - to paint arrows 38) [line 16] HA'HU AVDA SABA - that certain elderly slave. (According to RASHI, he was a Nochri. See, however, SHITAH MEKUBETZES.)
39) [line 16] TZAV'EI L'REISHEI UL'DIKNEI - he dyed [the hair of] his head and his
beard 44) [line 22] "TZADIK MI'TZARAH NECHELATZ, VA'YAVO (ACHER) [RASHA] TACHTAV" - "The righteous one is removed from trouble, and the wicked one comes in his place." (Mishlei 11:8) - The verse actually reads, "va'Yavo *Rasha* Tachtav," but Rav Papa bar Shmuel, when he applied this verse to himself, certainly did not consider himself a Rasha for acquiring a Nochri slave instead of hiring a poor Jew. He therefore replaced the word "Rasha" with the word "Acher" ("... and *someone else* comes in his place...") when he applied the verse to himself.
45) [line 24] NESHECH / TARBIS (RIBIS) 46) [line 24] HA'MALVEH SELA B'CHAMISHAH DINERIN - one who lends a Sela (equal to four Dinerim) with the condition that he receive five Dinerim in return (CURRENCY) (a) Equivalents of coins and amounts used in the Mishnah and Gemara:
(c) The word "Shekel," as used in the phrase "Machatzis ha'Shekel," refers to the Shekel that was in use at the time of Moshe Rabeinu, which was equivalent to the "Sela" of the times of the Gemara. Machatzis ha'Shekel is half of a Sela, or two Dinerin. People became accustomed to calling the coin that was valued at half of a Sela, "Shekel," since it was "paid out" ("Shoklim" Oso) in order to fulfill the Mitzvah of Machatzis ha'Shekel each year (RAMBAN to Shemos 30:13). Likewise, the Shekel to which our Gemara refers is worth half of a Sela or two Dinerin. 47) [line 25] MIPNEI SHE'HU NOSHECH - because he bites (taking interest from a borrower is akin to "biting" him, for it diminishes his assets)
48) [line 26] KUR (MEASUREMENTS OF VOLUME)
49a) [line 29] RIBIS D'ORAISA - see above, entry #45
53) [line 37] CHUMSHA - 1/5th of a Dinar 55) [last line] "[LO SASICH L'ACHICHA,] NESHECH KESEF, NESHESH OCHEL, [NESHECH KOL DAVAR ASHER YISHACH]" - "[You shall not cause your brother to take interest,] interest for money, interest for food, [or interest of any object for which he might take interest]." (Devarim 23:20)
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